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Beam Big Nose

On the surface it doesn't seem to make sense. If the code requires a pipe in a system to have a 3/8" thick wall to contain the internal pressure, how can an expansion joint bellows get by with just a 1/16" thick wall?

Balance the Forces

It's how the material is arranged. For a pipe, there needs to be a certain amount of metal (in the cross section) per unit length 'L' in order to resist the internal pressure force that wants to pull it apart.

More Metal, Please

A single convolute of a bellows is made up of a thin wall of material that is 'squeezed' into that same unit length 'L'. It is the shape of the convolute that causes it to have a cross sectional area that comes close to that of a pipe.

A pipe is typically thicker by design to account for future thinning due to corrosion. A bellows, instead, is always made with a corrosion resistant material.

Form and Function

By a great stroke of fortune, the convolute shape that helps to increase its pressure capacity ALSO makes it flexible in the longitudinal direction.

That's really handy because with several convolutions in a row, the bellows can also angulate and move laterally.

The shape of the convolutions increases its pressure capacity along with making it flexible.

There are other pressure limitations a bellows has compared to a pipe, but an expansion joint is a useful device for extending the life of piping, nozzle connections, and equipment.

The bellows exposed

There's no mystery as to why a bellows can flex - it's convoluted for crying out loud. This could be one short article. Except here's the tantalizing part; when the bellows material flexes, the stresses shoot well into the plastic range.

At this point the collective mechanical engineering community gasps, women faint, dogs bark throughout the neighborhood.

Deflection stresses

The engineering schools taught us that if material yielded, it failed. Sure, exceptions were probably noted but it wasn't covered on the test and ergo it didn't exist.

Take your typical metal beam. Bend it a little, let go, and it springs back. When it springs completely back its stress levels are said to be elastic. If bent too far it takes a permanent set; its stresses are inelastic or 'plastic'. Static structures such as buildings, bridges, and pressure vessels are designed with stresses in the elastic range. Elastic is good. But inelastic is not necessarily bad, it can be our friend.

When does the code say inelastic is OK? Consider our loaded beam again but modify the conditions to include a limit stop. Now when the beam permanently yields the load is not allowed to continue to deflect the beam. The beam can be pulled back and forth; each time the material exceeds its yield strength but does not break.

There is a limit to this thumbing-its-nose-at-the-sacred-yield-strength-rule behavior. After a certain number of cycles the part will develop fatigue cracks - now it is considered failed.

Equations have been developed to predict when this will happen. And testing, LOTS of testing, testing-until-you-want-to-puke testing has been performed to validate the equations.

When expansion joints do finally come to the sunset of their lives it is rarely fatigue that finishes them off, but rather the steady and inevitable plodding of corrosion that makes all metal mortal.

Sharing good company

Metal bellows expansion joints do not stand alone in this special category. Many interested parties overlook that piping systems designed without expansion joints often operate with deflection stresses in the plastic range (more gasping, etc., etc.). That's why they too, are designed by the code to have a finite cycle life.

So most process piping systems have inelastic deflection stresses after all. Redesign the piping system with an expansion joint and the inelastic piping stresses fall into the elastic range.

Sometimes its better to have the bellows flex than the piping.

The force is always with us

A bellows exerts a longitudinal force when internally pressurized. Big deal - so does a pipe. Ahhh, yes but that force is quietly restrained by the rigidity of the pipe.

When a longitudinally flexible element (AKA a bellows) is inserted, there is no longer a natural restraint. If that force is overlooked in a piping design it can bend pipe, structures, move equipment, and generally ruin an otherwise uneventful day.

The source of the force

Consider a pressurized pipe blanked off with blind flanges. There is a force on the blind flanges that the bolts have to restrain. That load is transferred through the bolts and on to the cross-sectional area of the pipe. That force is equal to the pipe inside diameter cross-sectional area (in2) multiplied by the internal pressure (lb/in2).

Now, slip a bellows into that assembly and there is nothing holding that force back; without a restraint somewhere, it will elongate.

Becoming one with the force

In many piping systems this load is restrained by anchors located at each change of pipe direction. The piping still has a portion of that pressure thrust acting on the end of the pipe so guides are included to keep the pipe straight and prevent buckling.

Other piping system types have load bearing hardware in the form of rods, or pinned linkages that restrain the pressure thrust within the expansion joint assembly. These devices, by design, usually limit the bellows movement to just lateral or angular directions.

Don't underestimate the force

Designers need to determine the right expansion joint system which will either have load bearing anchors on the piping or load bearing hardware on the expansion joint assembly.

Maintenance needs to understand the role of these load bearing parts and not remove any rods, plates, or pins that are critical for operating conditions.

For the original article with graphics, and other metal expansion joint article downloads visit the Oakridge Bellows website at http://www.oakridgebellows.com

Oakridge Bellows is a manufacturer of round and rectangular metal expansion joints located in New Braunfels, Texas.

Also, visit our expansion joint photo gallery at [http://www.oakridgebellows.com/Home/our-products]

Checking Out Satellite Internet Developments in South Dakota and Nebraska

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It can be boring to follow tech news and try and keep up with what's happening in any area of the country, internet-wise. Won't things basically be the same in the end? While it is understandable to be pessimistic about internet service in rural areas, there are some new features of satellite internet in Nebraska and South Dakota which should bring some optimism back into the fold. From bandwidth allotments to overall connection strength, things have changed a good deal. These five developments are worth noting.

 

1. The perfection of the signal beam. While it is unanimously agreed that setting up satellite internet connections in rural areas is no simple task, the earliest systems were less than perfect. Problems always occurred when even the smallest challenges arose. The latest developments in satellite technology have allowed internet providers to get the signal beamed to customers with little to no interference. If you were skeptical in the past, it is time to give the system a second look.

 

2. Increased bandwidth across the board. Bandwidth allotment is not such a big deal with dialup internet, as you could never get enough that you would have to begin measuring your usage. With satellite service, there are always going to be limitations in total bandwidth allotment so a few customers don't take advantage of the system. However, the latest Nebraska and South Dakota satellite internet packages have featured increased bandwidth allotments for every subscriber.

 

3. Options in home and small businesses. With the prices of real estate and office expenses always on the rise, it is making sense for a lot of people to start a business from home, or at least cut down on office space. Satellite internet can help power a network out of any location, getting multiple computers online at high speeds. If you are thinking of moving your business into your home or starting a new company out of a home office, this development could be the solution for your internet needs.

 

4. Installation specials. A bugaboo over the years with satellite connections has been getting the system going in a home without paying through the nose. It has traditionally been expensive to have a connection set up. After several years of perfecting the system, the charges for installation today have dropped to a bare minimum. In some cases, there will be no charge whatsoever for new customers. Timing will be everything, so if you see an offer for free installation, it's probably time to make a move.

 

5. Faster internet than ever before. The internet continues to present challenges to service providers, as websites continue to raise the level of video and graphic content. Unless you have truly high speed internet, most of this will fall by the wayside. Satellite internet providers have come up with the best system yet, making total access to the internet a reality, even when faced with video content and other heavy downloads while online.

About the Author

Don't miss out on the latest developments from hughes satellite Jackson Nebraska. There are so many ways to benefit from hughs satellite internet Aberdeen SD.

The Legend Of Zelda Ocarina of TIme....question...help?

I started playing yesterday and now I'm by Dodongo's Cavern. I am stuck and I do not know what to do. When i entered there was a wall which i blew up with the one of the bombs on the sides. I enter what i believe is the big main room of the carvern....according to FAQ walkthroughs and strategy guides i need to use the bomb that's in the middle to blow up the wall thats across on the right to get the dungeon map...i did that....then i destroyed the the things that shoot nuts through their noses on the left side.....in the walkthroughs and strategy guides say that there are "Beamos" that shoot beams at you in the room and you need to destroy them...i don't see any...i have walked around the big room and i have no encounter with any of them....i look up with my slingshot and the only things i see are two wooden bridges and the head what looks like a lizard or something...there is a door that has metal bars on it on the left side...how do i open it?...i also can't blow up the second wall?

when you blow up the wall, you still need to go and investigate it.

keep an eye on your faery - i think she's played the game before, that's how she knows what to do so often

the beamos... you CAN'T miss them. they are statues that shoot lasers in circles - you'll know them when you see them. (as answerer #4 first pointed out, there is one in the middle of this first large room - are you neglecting to jump to the center platforms?)

Seven Ways To Improve The Modern Automobile [Funbag]
# funbag Time for your Tuesday edition of the Deadspin Funbag. Find more of Drew's stuff at KSK or on Twitter . Today, we're covering survival floats, AIDS bandits, road signs, pillow talk, t-shirt tags, and more. More »

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