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Ness Carbon Fiber Road Bike Integrated Handlebar Drop Bar Stem Size 440/90MM BR US $156.33
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DIY Road Bicycle 3K Weave Frame Fork Integrated Seatpost Full Carbon Fiber ENG US $349.99
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Stanley Quick Blade Change Utility Knife Integrated String Cutting Feature Large Hang Hole List Price: $51.94 Sale Price: $24.98 |
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Quick Blade Change Utility Knife. |
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Scosche IPD2GCFBK Folio Case with Hand Strap for New iPad and iPad2 (Black Carbon Fiber) List Price: $49.99 Sale Price: Too low to display |
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SUEDE INTERIOR LINING FOR ENHANCED PROTECTION FOLIO STYLE PROTECTS SCREEN WHILE ON THE GO INTEGRATED KICKSTAND FOR CONVENIENT TYPING WEB-SURFING & LANDSCAPE MEDIA VIEWINGOPERATE APPS GAMES & MORE WHILE IPAD(R) & IPAD(R) 2 IS SECURELY STRAPPEDCONVENIENT TYPING ANGLESECURE HAND STRAPTRANSPARENT CARD HOLDERSCARBON FIBERUPC : 033991033788Shipping Dimensions : 1.00in X 8.25in X 11.00inEstimated Shipping Weight : 0.64 |
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Scosche snapSHIELD p2 - (Black) Low Profile Carbon Fiber Case New iPad and iPad2 (IPD2PCCFBK) List Price: $39.99 Sale Price: Too low to display |
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The snapSHIELD p2 is a low-profile carbon fiber case for the iPad 2. This slim fitting case provides excellent protection for your device while retaining the aesthetic appeal of the iPad 2. Integrated notches allow for this case to be used with the Apple Smart Cover to provide complete protection for your iPad. A lay on the table design offers superior screen protection.Convenient DesignThe sleek fit of this case allows your iPad 2 to fit easily into your backpack or suitcase for convenient traveling while staying protected. The conveniently open design of the snapSHIELD p2 allows for complete access to all connections and controls.Simple UseYour iPad 2 fits easily into place inside the snapSHIELD p2 providing a snug and secure fit. Simply pull back each corner of the snapSHIELD to remove your iPad 2.Keep your iPad 2 protected with this slim and stylish case!*Apple Smart Cover sold separatelyFeatures Integrated notches for use with Apple Smart Cover Open design allows complete access to all connections and controls Includes ultra-clear screen protector and microfiber cleaning cloth |
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BoxWave Stealth Fiber Folio-View iPad Case List Price: $59.95 Sale Price: $9.95 |
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The Stealth Fiber Folio-View Case is the perfect on-the-go protective case for every iPad user! The Stealth Fiber Folio-View Case has a sturdy yet lightweight cover with a unique carbon fiber design, creating the perfect union of versatility and sophistication. Featuring an integrated hand strap and stand, the Stealth Fiber Folio-View Case can meet your every need! |
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Rockford Fosgate Power T1682 6X8" Full Range Coaxial Speakers List Price: $199.99 Sale Price: $99.95 |
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Get Power series sound quality in a drop-in speaker. These 6-by-8-inch, two-way, full-range speakers will handle 160 watts, and inherit all the coolest features from their big brother component systems. Be prepared, these are more than OEM replacement speakers, their sound quality has been perfected for true Rockford Fosgate fanatics! The Rockford Fosgate Power Series Designed to play loud, play hard and sound great, Rockford Fosgate's Power component systems and coaxials combine premium materials with innovative engineering to create high performance speakers for those who live on the edge. When too much is just right! T1682 Features Speaker Construction Aluminum dome tweeter with polyurethane suspension Butyl rubber surround Carbon fiber & polypropylene injection molded cone Offset Cantilever Coaxial Mounted Tweeter Eliminates frequency response anomalies due to acoustic reflection between mid-range cone and rear of tweeter. VAST Surround The Vertical Attach Surround Technique significantly increases a speaker's effective radiating cone area without complicated installation issues. The result provides up to 25% more effective radiating cone area for the same model speaker. ICC (Integrated Concealed Crossover) The Integrated Concealed Crossover hides the crossover inside the basket, creating a cleaner look and easier installation. More than just a drop-in OEM replacement. Click to enlarge. T1682 Specifications Configuration: 2-Way Shallow Full Range Midrange Diameter: 6"x8" (152mm x 203mm) Midrange Depth: 2.60" (66mm) Tweeter Diameter: 1.0"(25mm) Tweeter Depth: n/a Frequency Response: 55Hz - 22kHz Power Handling: 80 Watts RMS 160 Watts Max Crossover: Built-in tweeter crossover High-Pass (HP): 12dB/octave Butterworth Sensitivity: 88dB @ 1 watt/1 meter Grilles Included: No Mounting Hardware: No Shipping Weight: 6.72 Lbs.(3.05 Kg.) Thirty Years of Rockford Fosgate Rockford Fosgate products have been designed and engineered in Tempe, Arizona since the beginning. Rockford's 30 year reputation is grounded in engineering and manufacturing some of the finest audio products in the world. The company's no-compromise approach has yielded patented iconic products such as the Punch EQ, Punch 45 amplifier and the 3Sixty integrated signal processor. Today, Rockford's new products push the performance envelope even further. Each new product is a step forward--they sound bigger, they play louder, and run longer. Rockford never settles for "good enough." The 2010 product line represents the company's core philosophy. Rockfords new amplifiers, speakers and subwoofers have raised the bar on the competition. What's in the Box Rockford Fosgate Power T1682 6X8" Full Range Coaxial Speakers (Pair), Mounting Hardware, Adapter Plates, User's Manual On a Tighter Budget? For those seeking a more affordable 6-by-8-inch solution, Rockford offers the Punch P1683 and the Prime R1682. Power Series Coaxials Whatever your application, chances are Rockford has you covered. Rockford Fosgate Power T142 4" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1462 4x6" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T152 5" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1572 5X7" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1652 6.5" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1682 6X8" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1692 6X9" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1693 6x9" Full Range 3-way Coaxial Speakers Item number 153708, Grading is cover/record: VG+/VG+ using Goldmine standards. 196? Please see seller profile for abbreviation descriptions. |
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Pioneer TS-W3002D4 12 In. Champion Series PRO Subwoofer with 3500 Watts List Price: $250.00 Sale Price: Too low to display |
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Introducing Pioneer's new Premier Champion Series PRO Subwoofers which feature an all-new design and look. TS-W3002D4: Dual 4 ohm, 4 Layer, Long Coil (2 ohm x or 8 ohm)Interlaced Basalt/Carbon Fiber Reinforced IMPP Cone Air Suspension System Recommended Enclosure : 0.50 ~ 1.0 Cubic FeetThe Premier TS-W3002D4 subwoofer is designed to produce enormously powerful music. Just take a look at its super-heavy-duty construction, all designed to handle up to 3,500 watts max. Double-stacked magnets for higher power, and a step-up radial surround for superior control and long excursions. Pioneer used a constructed cast-aluminum basket for this sub. Add in their patented IMPP cone and you've got a monster sub that can handle whatever you want to throw at it - including Pioneer's new breed of SPL amplifiers like the PRS-D1200SPL. Air Suspension System: For its revolutionary 3.25 inch deep Shallow Subwoofer, Pioneer created an Air Suspension system effective within a 70% smaller-than-previous enclosure that locks air for a spring-like effect between main and drive cones moving in unison. The result is consistently clear,powerful,wide ranging bass response. The subwoofer's dual cone structure maintains better sound linearity and reliability after hours of hard use than conventional subwoofers with "spider" structures to keep the voice coil aligned. This incredible technology is applied to this new generation of high output, high performance subwoofers. Double-Stack Magnet with Double-S ~Pioneer's TS-W3002D4 subwoofers are designed to produce powerful bass. Just take a look at the super-heavy-duty construction, designed to handle up to 3,500 watts max. Double-stacked magnets deliver higher power, and a step-up radial surround offers superior control and long excursions. Pioneer used a constructed cast-aluminum basket for this sub--add in a patented IMPP cone and you've got a monster sub that can handle whatever you want to throw at it. Pioneer Champion Series PRO Subwoofers Powerful by Design Champion Series PRO subwoofers deliver incredible musicality heightened by booming bass--all in a versatile, compact design. Inspired by Pioneer's strong SPL heritage, Champion PRO subwoofers deliver a remarkably powerful, accurate, and clear low-end that will transform your in-car audio experience. Air Suspension System Boasting big bass power, the patented air suspension technology of the Champion Series PRO subwoofer makes it a hard-hitting performer. The innovative architecture of the chamber creates a spring-like effect that compresses air, enabling the speaker to fit a 10-inch enclosure while delivering 12-inch bass sound. Stealthy Installation Masterfully engineered to deliver maximum sound in a minimal enclosure space, the Champion Series PRO subwoofer is designed to fit a variety of spaces. From under the front seats and behind the back seats, to inside doors and under the dash, your install can be customized to fit your needs. Built to Last The Champion Series PRO subwoofer combines innovative technology with top quality materials to consistently deliver superior performance. This subwoofer houses a three-layer, wide-roll, fiber-woven radial surround that provides phenomenal power handling with minimal distortion. The enduring strength of this subwoofer comes from its aluminum die-cast chassis, double stacked magnets, patented air suspension system, and rigid lightweight IMPP cone. TS-W3002D4 Features Air Suspension System For its revolutionary 3.25 inch deep Shallow Subwoofer, Pioneer created an Air Suspension system effective within a 70% smaller-than-previous enclosure that locks air for a spring-like effect between main and drive cones moving in unison. The result is consistently clear, powerful, wide-ranging bass response. The subwoofer's dual cone structure maintains better sound linearity and reliability after hours of hard use than conventional subwoofers with "spider" structures to keep the voice coil aligned. This incredible technology is applied to this new generation of high output, high performance subwoofers. Double-Stack Magnet with Double-Stack Top Plate To produce the tremendous magnetic energy we envisioned for this sub, we employed double-stacked magnets, weighing a hefty 110oz, and a double-stacked top plate above them. This design ensures positive, powerful control of the voice coil during those long excursions--and it's one reason you can ring up those high SPL numbers. Wide-Roll 3-Layer Fiber Radial Surround A sub's surround plays a key role in a speaker's performance. In order for bass response to be clear and tight, the surround has to respond evenly around its entire circumference without flexing or puckering, even at high volume levels. That's why Pioneer created a surround consisting of two layers of urethane with a layer of interwoven fiber between them. It's strong, stable, and it reduces distortion. In addition, the wider-than-normal design provides a long, linear excursion for excellent control and heavy-duty durability. Interlaced Basalt/Carbon Fiber Reinforced IMPP Cone To ensure that you get more natural bass, Pioneer incorporated their new Basalt fiber technology into their shallow subwoofers. The volcanic-rock fibers create a cone that is lightweight, rigid, well damped, stable in temperature extremes, and more . In short, this bass really rocks. Cast Aluminum Basket Designed from scratch by Pioneer, this one-piece aluminum basket assembly holds the motor assembly, cone, and magnet structure securely in place. The benefits of this design: reduced internal stress, superior damping, and increased magnetic efficiency. Dual Voice Coil The TS-W3002D2/D4 provides two voice coils, each either at dual 2 or dual 4 ohms. So you can use a low-impedance amp to produce much bigger, much more powerful bass. More options, more power: that's what DVC is all about. The Bridging Adapter is included for an easy Single Voice Coil hookup. It becomes a Single 4 Ohm or Single 8 Ohm with Bridging Adapter for ultimate flexibility for use with modern mono amplifiers Add Newly Designed Spoke Grilles We also recommend covering up your subwoofer with the UD-G308 . This stylish spoke grille is a must add-on when building a system and gives the look of pure professionalism. Click images above to enlarge. TS-W3002D4 Specs Size: 12-Inch Woofer Cone Material: Interlaced Basalt/Carbon Fiber Reinforced IMPP Cone Surround: Wide-Roll, 3-Layer Fiber Woven Aramid Radial with Honeycomb Cloth Voice Coil: Dual 4-Layer, Long Voice Coil Voice Coil Wire: Copper Voice Coil Bobbin: Phenol Resin Coated Glass Cloth Magnet Construction: Double Stacked (114oz) Basket Design: Aluminum Die-Cast Rigid Chassis Gasket: 1-Piece ABS Wire Terminals: Integrated Single-Sided Silver Compression Terminals Watts MAX. Music Power: 3500 Watts Watts Nominal Power Handling: 1000 Watts Frequency Response: 20 Hz to 150 Hz Sensitivity: 90 dB Ohm Rating: 2 or 8 ohm Recommended Enclosure: 0.50 ~~ 1.0 Cubic Feet Dimensions: 329 mm x 214.2 mm Mounting Depth: 188.8 mm Accessory Grill: UD-G308 Pioneer Car Audio SystemsPioneer's Mobile Business Group is known for offering the kind of in-car products that make driving more enjoyable by offering high quality audio and video, seamless connectivity and ease-of-use. Its focus is on the development of new digital technologies including audio video, navigation and satellite radio, while maintaining its strong heritage in products for car audio enthusiasts and sound competitors. What's in the Box Pioneer TS-W3002D4 Subwoofer, Mounting Screws/Washers, Installation Guide~ |
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Rockford Fosgate Power T1693 6x9" Full Range 3-way Coaxial Speakers List Price: $259.99 Sale Price: $109.95 |
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Get Power series sound quality in a drop-in speaker. These 6-by-9-inch, three-way, full-range speakers will handle 200 watts, and inherit all the coolest features from their big brother component systems. Be prepared, these are more than OEM replacement speakers, their sound quality has been perfected for true Rockford Fosgate fanatics! The Rockford Fosgate Power Series Designed to play loud, play hard and sound great, Rockford Fosgate's Power component systems and coaxials combine premium materials with innovative engineering to create high performance speakers for those who live on the edge. When too much is just right! T1693 Features Speaker Construction Aluminum dome tweeter with polyurethane suspension Butyl rubber surround Carbon fiber & polypropylene injection molded cone Offset Cantilever Coaxial Mounted Tweeter Eliminates frequency response anomalies due to acoustic reflection between mid-range cone and rear of tweeter. VAST Surround The Vertical Attach Surround Technique significantly increases a speaker's effective radiating cone area without complicated installation issues. The result provides up to 25% more effective radiating cone area for the same model speaker. ICC (Integrated Concealed Crossover) The Integrated Concealed Crossover hides the crossover inside the basket, creating a cleaner look and easier installation. More than just a drop-in OEM replacement. Click to enlarge. T1693 Specifications Configuration: 3-Way Full Range Midrange Diameter: 6"x9" (152mm x 229mm) Midrange Depth: 3.43" (87mm) Tweeter Diameter: 0.5" (12.7mm) 1.0" (25mm) Tweeter Depth: n/a Frequency Response: 50Hz - 22kHz Power Handling: 100 Watts RMS 200 Watts Max Crossover: Built-in tweeter crossover High-Pass (HP): 12dB/octave Butterworth Sensitivity: 90dB @ 1 watt/1 meter Grilles Included: Yes Mounting Hardware: No Shipping Weight: 12.6 Lbs. (5.72 Kg.) Thirty Years of Rockford Fosgate Rockford Fosgate products have been designed and engineered in Tempe, Arizona since the beginning. Rockford's 30 year reputation is grounded in engineering and manufacturing some of the finest audio products in the world. The company's no-compromise approach has yielded patented iconic products such as the Punch EQ, Punch 45 amplifier and the 3Sixty integrated signal processor. Today, Rockford's new products push the performance envelope even further. Each new product is a step forward--they sound bigger, they play louder, and run longer. Rockford never settles for "good enough." The 2010 product line represents the company's core philosophy. Rockfords new amplifiers, speakers and subwoofers have raised the bar on the competition. What's in the Box Rockford Fosgate Power T1693 6X9" Full Range Three-Way Coaxial Speakers (Pair), Grilles, User's Manual On a Tighter Budget? For those seeking a more affordable 6-by-9-inch solution, Rockford offers the Punch P1694C and the Prime R1693. Power Series Coaxials Whatever your application, chances are Rockford has you covered. Rockford Fosgate Power T142 4" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1462 4x6" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T152 5" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1572 5X7" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1652 6.5" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1682 6X8" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1692 6X9" Full Range Coaxial Speakers Rockford Fosgate Power T1693 6x9" Full Range 3-way Coaxial Speakers (Inv Code: W04) |
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GMC Denali Pro Road Bike (56cm Frame) List Price: $399.99 Sale Price: $299.99 |
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Looking for a nice road bike but don't want to break the bank? Turn to the GMC Denali Pro road bike, the little brother to the popular Denali LTD. Built with the same pride and attention to detail as GMC trucks, the Denali Pro features a high-quality, handcrafted, lightweight 22-inch aluminum frame that delivers a stiff, responsive ride. The 16-speed Microshift drivetrain, meanwhile, is equipped with integrated brake/shift levers, so you can both brake and shift without moving your hands from the handlebar. And thanks to the dual-pivot brake system, the bike stops on a dime should the terrain get rough. Other features include aluminum rims with stainless-steel spokes, 700c x 25 tires, an alloy crank, and a steel fork. The recommended height range of the Denali Pro is 5' 9" to 6' 1", and the standover height is 31.5 inches. Amazon.com Bicycle Buying Guide Finding the Right Bike To really enjoy cycling, it's important to find a bicycle that works for you. Here are some things to keep in mind when you're in the market for a new bike: The Right Ride In general, bikes are broken down into three major categories: Road and Racing Bikes--As a general rule, road and racing are built for speed and longer distances on paved surfaces. Thinner tires, lightweight 29-inch (700c) wheels, and drop bars that allow for a more aerodynamic position are the norm. Most road bikes, regardless of price, offer many gears for tackling both hilly and flat terrain. Mountain Bikes--With their larger tires, hill-friendly gearing, and upright position, mountain bikes are very popular for all types of riding, both on pavement and off. Mountain bikes that are designed specifically for rugged trail use typically feature a suspension fork. Some may have rear suspension, as well. A quick change of the tires on any mountain bike--even one that you use regularly on trails--adds to its versatility and makes it a worthy street machine. Comfort/Cruiser Bikes--For tooling around on bike paths, light trails, or for cruising a quiet beach-side lane, comfort/cruiser bikes are the ticket. With a super-relaxed riding position, padded seats, and limited or no gearing, these bikes are made for enjoying the scenery and having fun with the family. The Right Price A bike's price boils down to three essentials: frame materials, bike weight, and component quality and durability. Entry-level--You'll find a wide range of comfort and cruiser bikes in this category, as well as some lower-end mountain bikes and road bikes. Most will have steel frames and components that are designed to last for several years with frequent use. Mid-range--Bikes in this range may feature a lighter aluminum frame with mid-range components that keep performing after miles of use. If you're looking for a quality bike that is relatively lightweight and will stand up to abuse, this is the "sweet spot." Most serious commuter and touring bikes fall into this category, as do mid-range mountain bikes with a decent front suspension. High-end--Racers and serious enthusiasts who expect lightweight, high-performance components will want to stick to this category. For road bikes, exotic frame materials (carbon fiber, titanium) and ultralightweight components can add thousands to the price tag. Mountain bikes in this class often feature advanced front and rear suspension technology, as well as components designed to handle lots of rugged trail action. The Right Size Fit is crucial for comfort, control, and proper power and endurance on a bike. Here are some basic bike fit tips: Stand-over Height--To find out if a bike's overall height fits your body, measure your inseam. Next, determine how much clearance you'll need between your crotch and the top tube of the bike. For a mountain bike, you'll want three to five inches of clearance. A road bike should offer between one and two inches of clearance, while a commuter bike should have two to four inches. Compare the stand-over height for a given bike to your measurements (inseam + clearance) to determine the right bike height. Top Tube Length--You can measure your torso to get a good estimate of proper top tube length. First, make a fist and extend your arm. Measure from the center of your fist to the end of your collarbone (the part that intersects your shoulder). Next, measure your torso by placing a book against your crotch with the spine facing up. Measure from the spine to the bottom of your throat (the spot between your collarbones). Finally, add the two measurements (arm length + torso length), divide the number in half, and subtract six inches. This is your approximate top tube length. Compare this number to a bike's posted top tube length. You can allow for about two inches longer or shorter, as most bikes can be adjusted via stem length/height and saddle fore/aft position to make fine adjustments to the fit. Bikes for Women--Proportionally, women tend to have a shorter torso and longer legs than men. Bike makers design women's bikes that offer a shorter top tube and many comfort/cruiser bikes built for women may also provide more stand-over clearance. The Right Accessories When you make a bike purchase, don't forget these crucial add-ons: Helmet (this is a must!) Seat pack Lock Hydration pack, or water bottle and bottle cage Spare tubes Portable bike pump Gloves The Denali PRO Road Bike from GMC delivers higher performance at a lower price. At the heart of the Denali PRO, youll find a high quality, hand-crafted lightweight aluminum frame for a stiff, responsive ride. The 16 speed drivetrain is equipped with integrated Brake/Shift levers so that you can brake and shift without moving your hands from the handlebar. Dual pivot alloy brakes ensure that you stop on a dime, while lightweight 700c aluminum rims further enhance the dynamic feel of this outstanding bicycle. This attractive road bike offers safety, security and power in one, lightweight package. |
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Pioneer TS-W2502D2 10 In. Champion Series PRO Subwoofer with 3000 Watts List Price: $230.00 Sale Price: Too low to display |
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The Pioneer TS-W2502D2 10 In. Champion Series PRO Subwoofer with 3000 Watts feature dual 2 ohm, 4 layer, long coil (1 ohm x or 4 ohm). They are designed to produce enormously powerful music. Double-stacked magnets for higher power and a step-up radial surround for superior control and long excursions. Add in our patented IMPP cone and you've got a monster sub that can handle whatever you want to throw at it. An air suspension system effective within a 70% smaller-than-previous enclosure locks air for a spring-like effect between main and drive cones moving in unison. The speakers feature a surround consisting of two layers of urethane with a layer of interwoven fiber between them. In addition, the wider-than-normal design provides a long, linear excursion for excellent control and heavy-duty durability. 3000 watts maximum power|800 watts nominal power|Dual 2 ohm, 4 layer, long coil (1 ohm x or 4 ohm)|Air suspension system|Interlaced basalt/carbon fiber reinforced IMPP cone|Phenol resin coated glass cloth voice coil bobbin; Copper voice coil wire|Aluminum die-cast rigid chassis|20Hz to 150Hz frequency response|89 dB sensitivity|1 or 4 ohm rating ~Pioneer's TS-W2502D2 subwoofers are designed to produce powerful bass. Just take a look at the super-heavy-duty construction, designed to handle up to 3,000 watts max. Double-stacked magnets deliver higher power, and a step-up radial surround offers superior control and long excursions. Pioneer used a constructed cast-aluminum basket for this sub--add in a patented IMPP cone and you've got a monster sub that can handle whatever you want to throw at it. Pioneer Champion Series PRO Subwoofers Powerful by Design Champion Series PRO subwoofers deliver incredible musicality heightened by booming bass--all in a versatile, compact design. Inspired by Pioneer's strong SPL heritage, Champion PRO subwoofers deliver a remarkably powerful, accurate, and clear low-end that will transform your in-car audio experience. Air Suspension System Boasting big bass power, the patented air suspension technology of the Champion Series PRO subwoofer makes it a hard-hitting performer. The innovative architecture of the chamber creates a spring-like effect that compresses air, enabling the speaker to fit a 10-inch enclosure while delivering 12-inch bass sound. Stealthy Installation Masterfully engineered to deliver maximum sound in a minimal enclosure space, the Champion Series PRO subwoofer is designed to fit a variety of spaces. From under the front seats and behind the back seats, to inside doors and under the dash, your install can be customized to fit your needs. Built to Last The Champion Series PRO subwoofer combines innovative technology with top quality materials to consistently deliver superior performance. This subwoofer houses a three-layer, wide-roll, fiber-woven radial surround that provides phenomenal power handling with minimal distortion. The enduring strength of this subwoofer comes from its aluminum die-cast chassis, double stacked magnets, patented air suspension system, and rigid lightweight IMPP cone. TS-W2502D2 Features Air Suspension System For its revolutionary 3.25 inch deep Shallow Subwoofer, Pioneer created an Air Suspension system effective within a 70% smaller-than-previous enclosure that locks air for a spring-like effect between main and drive cones moving in unison. The result is consistently clear, powerful, wide-ranging bass response. The subwoofer's dual cone structure maintains better sound linearity and reliability after hours of hard use than conventional subwoofers with "spider" structures to keep the voice coil aligned. This incredible technology is applied to this new generation of high output, high performance subwoofers. Double-Stack Magnet with Double-Stack Top Plate To produce the tremendous magnetic energy we envisioned for this sub, we employed double-stacked magnets, weighing a hefty 110oz, and a double-stacked top plate above them. This design ensures positive, powerful control of the voice coil during those long excursions--and it's one reason you can ring up those high SPL numbers. Wide-Roll 3-Layer Fiber Radial Surround A sub's surround plays a key role in a speaker's performance. In order for bass response to be clear and tight, the surround has to respond evenly around its entire circumference without flexing or puckering, even at high volume levels. That's why Pioneer created a surround consisting of two layers of urethane with a layer of interwoven fiber between them. It's strong, stable, and it reduces distortion. In addition, the wider-than-normal design provides a long, linear excursion for excellent control and heavy-duty durability. Interlaced Basalt/Carbon Fiber Reinforced IMPP Cone To ensure that you get more natural bass, Pioneer incorporated their new Basalt fiber technology into their shallow subwoofers. The volcanic-rock fibers create a cone that is lightweight, rigid, well damped, stable in temperature extremes, and more . In short, this bass really rocks. Cast Aluminum Basket Designed from scratch by Pioneer, this one-piece aluminum basket assembly holds the motor assembly, cone, and magnet structure securely in place. The benefits of this design: reduced internal stress, superior damping, and increased magnetic efficiency. Dual Voice Coil The TS-W2502D2/D4 provides two voice coils, each either at dual 2 or dual 4 ohms. So you can use a low-impedance amp to produce much bigger, much more powerful bass. More options, more power: that's what DVC is all about. The Bridging Adapter is included for an easy Single Voice Coil hookup. It becomes a Single 4 Ohm or Single 8 Ohm with Bridging Adapter for ultimate flexibility for use with modern mono amplifiers Add Newly Designed Spoke Grilles We also recommend covering up your subwoofer with the UD-G308 . This stylish spoke grille is a must add-on when building a system and gives the look of pure professionalism. Click images above to enlarge. TS-W2502D2 Specs Size: 10-Inch Woofer Cone Material: Interlaced Basalt/Carbon Fiber Reinforced IMPP Cone Surround: Wide-Roll, 3-Layer Fiber Woven Aramid Radial with Honeycomb Cloth Voice Coil: Dual 4-Layer, Long Voice Coil Voice Coil Wire: Copper Voice Coil Bobbin: Phenol Resin Coated Glass Cloth Magnet Construction: Double Stacked (88oz) Basket Design: Aluminum Die-Cast Rigid Chassis Gasket: 1-Piece ABS Wire Terminals: Integrated Single-Sided Silver Compression Terminals Watts MAX. Music Power: 3000 Watts Watts Nominal Power Handling: 800 Watts Frequency Response: 20 Hz to 150 Hz Sensitivity: 89 dB Ohm Rating: 1 or 4 ohm Recommended Enclosure: 0.35 ~~ 0.7 Cubic Feet Dimensions: 283.1 mm x 192.6 mm Mounting Depth: 169.2 mm Accessory Grill: UD-G258 Pioneer Car Audio SystemsPioneer's Mobile Business Group is known for offering the kind of in-car products that make driving more enjoyable by offering high quality audio and video, seamless connectivity and ease-of-use. Its focus is on the development of new digital technologies including audio video, navigation and satellite radio, while maintaining its strong heritage in products for car audio enthusiasts and sound competitors. What's in the Box Pioneer TS-W2502D2 Subwoofer, Mounting Screws/Washers, Installation Guide~ |
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Pioneer TS-W2502D4 10 In. Champion Series PRO Subwoofer with 3000 Watts List Price: $230.00 Sale Price: Too low to display |
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The Pioneer TS-W2502D4 10 In. Champion Series PRO Subwoofer with 3000 Watts feature dual 4 ohm, 4 layer, long coil (2 ohm x or 8 ohm). They are designed to produce enormously powerful music. Double-stacked magnets for higher power and a step-up radial surround for superior control and long excursions. Add in our patented IMPP cone and you've got a monster sub that can handle whatever you want to throw at it. An air suspension system effective within a 70% smaller-than-previous enclosure locks air for a spring-like effect between main and drive cones moving in unison. The speakers feature a surround consisting of two layers of urethane with a layer of interwoven fiber between them. In addition, the wider-than-normal design provides a long, linear excursion for excellent control and heavy-duty durability. 3000 watts maximum power|800 watts nominal power|Dual 4 ohm, 4 layer, long coil (3 ohm x or 8 ohm)|Air suspension system|Interlaced basalt/carbon fiber reinforced IMPP cone|Phenol resin coated glass cloth voice coil bobbin; Copper voice coil wire|Aluminum die-cast rigid chassis|20Hz to 150Hz frequency response|89 dB sensitivity|2 or 8 ohm rating ~Pioneer's TS-W2502D4 subwoofers are designed to produce powerful bass. Just take a look at the super-heavy-duty construction, designed to handle up to 3,000 watts max. Double-stacked magnets deliver higher power, and a step-up radial surround offers superior control and long excursions. Pioneer used a constructed cast-aluminum basket for this sub--add in a patented IMPP cone and you've got a monster sub that can handle whatever you want to throw at it. Pioneer Champion Series PRO Subwoofers Powerful by Design Champion Series PRO subwoofers deliver incredible musicality heightened by booming bass--all in a versatile, compact design. Inspired by Pioneer's strong SPL heritage, Champion PRO subwoofers deliver a remarkably powerful, accurate, and clear low-end that will transform your in-car audio experience. Air Suspension System Boasting big bass power, the patented air suspension technology of the Champion Series PRO subwoofer makes it a hard-hitting performer. The innovative architecture of the chamber creates a spring-like effect that compresses air, enabling the speaker to fit a 10-inch enclosure while delivering 12-inch bass sound. Stealthy Installation Masterfully engineered to deliver maximum sound in a minimal enclosure space, the Champion Series PRO subwoofer is designed to fit a variety of spaces. From under the front seats and behind the back seats, to inside doors and under the dash, your install can be customized to fit your needs. Built to Last The Champion Series PRO subwoofer combines innovative technology with top quality materials to consistently deliver superior performance. This subwoofer houses a three-layer, wide-roll, fiber-woven radial surround that provides phenomenal power handling with minimal distortion. The enduring strength of this subwoofer comes from its aluminum die-cast chassis, double stacked magnets, patented air suspension system, and rigid lightweight IMPP cone. TS-W2502D4 Features Air Suspension System For its revolutionary 3.25 inch deep Shallow Subwoofer, Pioneer created an Air Suspension system effective within a 70% smaller-than-previous enclosure that locks air for a spring-like effect between main and drive cones moving in unison. The result is consistently clear, powerful, wide-ranging bass response. The subwoofer's dual cone structure maintains better sound linearity and reliability after hours of hard use than conventional subwoofers with "spider" structures to keep the voice coil aligned. This incredible technology is applied to this new generation of high output, high performance subwoofers. Double-Stack Magnet with Double-Stack Top Plate To produce the tremendous magnetic energy we envisioned for this sub, we employed double-stacked magnets, weighing a hefty 110oz, and a double-stacked top plate above them. This design ensures positive, powerful control of the voice coil during those long excursions--and it's one reason you can ring up those high SPL numbers. Wide-Roll 3-Layer Fiber Radial Surround A sub's surround plays a key role in a speaker's performance. In order for bass response to be clear and tight, the surround has to respond evenly around its entire circumference without flexing or puckering, even at high volume levels. That's why Pioneer created a surround consisting of two layers of urethane with a layer of interwoven fiber between them. It's strong, stable, and it reduces distortion. In addition, the wider-than-normal design provides a long, linear excursion for excellent control and heavy-duty durability. Interlaced Basalt/Carbon Fiber Reinforced IMPP Cone To ensure that you get more natural bass, Pioneer incorporated their new Basalt fiber technology into their shallow subwoofers. The volcanic-rock fibers create a cone that is lightweight, rigid, well damped, stable in temperature extremes, and more . In short, this bass really rocks. Cast Aluminum Basket Designed from scratch by Pioneer, this one-piece aluminum basket assembly holds the motor assembly, cone, and magnet structure securely in place. The benefits of this design: reduced internal stress, superior damping, and increased magnetic efficiency. Dual Voice Coil The TS-W2502D2/D4 provides two voice coils, each either at dual 2 or dual 4 ohms. So you can use a low-impedance amp to produce much bigger, much more powerful bass. More options, more power: that's what DVC is all about. The Bridging Adapter is included for an easy Single Voice Coil hookup. It becomes a Single 4 Ohm or Single 8 Ohm with Bridging Adapter for ultimate flexibility for use with modern mono amplifiers Add Newly Designed Spoke Grilles We also recommend covering up your subwoofer with the UD-G308 . This stylish spoke grille is a must add-on when building a system and gives the look of pure professionalism. Click images above to enlarge. TS-W2502D4 Specs Size: 10-Inch Woofer Cone Material: Interlaced Basalt/Carbon Fiber Reinforced IMPP Cone Surround: Wide-Roll, 3-Layer Fiber Woven Aramid Radial with Honeycomb Cloth Voice Coil: Dual 4-Layer, Long Voice Coil Voice Coil Wire: Copper Voice Coil Bobbin: Phenol Resin Coated Glass Cloth Magnet Construction: Double Stacked (88oz) Basket Design: Aluminum Die-Cast Rigid Chassis Gasket: 1-Piece ABS Wire Terminals: Integrated Single-Sided Silver Compression Terminals Watts MAX. Music Power: 3000 Watts Watts Nominal Power Handling: 800 Watts Frequency Response: 20 Hz to 150 Hz Sensitivity: 89 dB Ohm Rating: 2 or 8 ohm Recommended Enclosure: 0.35 ~~ 0.7 Cubic Feet Dimensions: 283.1 mm x 192.6 mm Mounting Depth: 169.2 mm Accessory Grill: UD-G258 Pioneer Car Audio SystemsPioneer's Mobile Business Group is known for offering the kind of in-car products that make driving more enjoyable by offering high quality audio and video, seamless connectivity and ease-of-use. Its focus is on the development of new digital technologies including audio video, navigation and satellite radio, while maintaining its strong heritage in products for car audio enthusiasts and sound competitors. What's in the Box Pioneer TS-W2502D4 Subwoofer, Mounting Screws/Washers, Installation Guide~ |
Featured Article:

Tripods for cameras are used to achieve maximum sharpness on the image as it reduces camera shake or movement when the shutter moves. When framing an image or when there is more than one image that had to be made on the same scene, a tripod is necessary to achieve a perfect picture framing. Tripods for cameras are necessary for professional photography as well as certain video uses.
Before, tripods are just one of the helpers for framing adjustments and for reducing the blur in images and add crisp and sharpness on the image. Today, tripods for camera have evolved into many different features that cater for every photography needs. It becomes handy and easy to use.
The least expensive type of tripod or camera stand is generally made of aluminum tubing and is used mainly for consumer still and video cameras. The feature of this tripod is very basic. It only allows the head to flip sideways to 90 degrees for cameras to take pictures in portrait format.
A more expensive tripod is studier, stronger and usually the head is not integrated to allow a tripod-head combination to be customized to the needs of the photographer. Most of these expensive tripods for cameras are handy because it is made of carbon fiber, a special material that is lightweight. Expensive tripods have additional features, such as reversible center post so that camera may be mounted between legs, allowing shots form low positions and on different angles.
Small tabletop tripod also varies in price depending on the model and on the functionality. They are very handy and will allow improved mobility and often used when a full sized tripod would be too bulky to carry. Another alternative is a clamp-pod that has a C-clamp attached to it.
The head of the tripod is also one consideration to take to make the best of your art work. The latest generation tripods for cameras have a pan-tilt head that has separate axes that have controls for tilting and panning, so that a certain axis can be controlled without risk of affecting the other axes. This will help avoid jerkiness caused by the stick-slip effect.
Many photographers prefer to use sophisticated tripods for their photography needs. It is indeed a very useful accessory to make certain every photo shoots are taken at its best. Its functionality is a great tool to achieve the best and perfect images every photography enthusiast aim for.
Matt Gibbons owns and operates http://refurbishdigitalcam.wordpress.com/2010/07/06/refurbished-digital-camera-buying-tips/, Refurbished Digital Camera
Activated carbon
Production
Activated carbon is carbon produced from carbonaceous source materials like nutshells, peat, wood, lignite and coal and petroleum pitch. It can be produced by one of the following processes:
Physical reactivation: The precursor is developed into activated carbons using gases. This is generally done by using one or a combination of the following processes:
Carbonization: Material with carbon content is pyrolyzed at temperatures in the range 600-900 C, in absence of air (usually in inert atmosphere with gases like argon or nitrogen)
Activation/Oxidation: Raw material or carbonised material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres (carbon dioxide, oxygen, or steam) at temperatures above 250 C, usually in the temperature range of 600-1200 C.
Chemical activation: Prior to carbonization, the raw material is impregnated with certain chemicals. The chemical is typically an acid, strong base, or a salt (phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, respectively). Then, the raw material is carbonized at lower temperatures (450-900 C). It is believed that the carbonization / activation step proceeds simultaneously with the chemical activation. This technique can be problematic in some cases, because, for example, zinc trace residues may remain in the end product. However, chemical activation is preferred over physical activation owing to the lower temperatures and shorter time needed for activating material.
Classifications
Activated carbons are complex products which are difficult to classify on the basis of their behaviour, surface characteristics and preparation methods. However, some broad classification is made for general purpose based on their physical characteristics.
Powdered activated carbon (PAC)
Traditionally, active carbons are made in particular form as powders or fine granules less than 1.0 mm in size with an average diameter between .15 and .25 mm. Thus they present a large surface to volume ratio with a small diffusion distance. PAC is made up of crushed or ground carbon particles, 95100% of which will pass through a designated mesh sieve or sieve. Granular activated carbon is defined as the activated carbon being retained on a 50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm) and PAC material as finer material, while ASTM classifies particle sizes corresponding to an 80-mesh sieve (0.177 mm) and smaller as PAC. PAC is not commonly used in a dedicated vessel, owing to the high headloss that would occur. PAC is generally added directly to other process units, such as raw water intakes, rapid mix basins, clarifiers, and gravity filters.
Granular activated carbon (GAC)
Granular activated carbon has a relatively larger particle size compared to powdered activated carbon and consequently, presents a smaller external surface. Diffusion of the adsorbate is thus an important factor. These carbons are therefore preferred for all adsorption of gases and vapours as their rate of diffusion are faster. Granulated carbons are used for water treatment, deodourisation and separation of components of flow system. GAC can be either in the granular form or extruded. GAC is designated by sizes such as 8x20, 20x40, or 8x30 for liquid phase applications and 4x6, 4x8 or 4x10 for vapour phase applications. A 20x40 carbon is made of particles that will pass through a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 20 sieve (0.84 mm) (generally specified as 85% passing) but be retained on a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 40 sieve (0.42 mm) (generally specified as 95% retained). AWWA (1992) B604 uses the 50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm) as the minimum GAC size. The most popular aqueous phase carbons are the 12x40 and 8x30 sizes because they have a good balance of size, surface area, and headloss characteristics.
Extruded activated carbon (EAC)
Extruded activated carbon combines powdered activated carbon with a binder, which are fused together and extruded into a cylindrical shaped activated carbon block with diameters from 0.8 to 130 mm. These are mainly used for gas phase applications because of their low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content.
Impregnated carbon
Porous carbons containing several types of inorganic impregnant such as iodine, silver, cation such as Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Li, Ca have also been prepared for specific application in air pollution control especially in museums and galleries. Due to antimicrobial/antiseptic properties, silver loaded activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for purifications of domestic water. Drinking water can be obtained from natural water by treating the natural water with a mixture of activated carbon and flocculating agent Al(OH)3. Impregnated carbons are also used for the adsorption of H2S and mercaptans. Adsorption rates for H2S as high as 50% by weight have been reported.
Polymers coated carbon
This is a process by which a porous carbon can be coated with a biocompatible polymer to give a smooth and permeable coat without blocking the pores. The resulting carbon is useful for hemoperfusion. Hemoperfusion is a treatment technique in which large volumes of the patient's blood are passed over an adsorbent substance in order to remove toxic substances from the blood.
Other
Activated carbon is also available in special forms such as cloths and fibres. The "Carbon cloth" for instance is used in personnel protection for the military.
Properties
A gram of activated carbon can have a surface area in excess of 500 m2, with 1500 m2 being readily achievable. Carbon aerogels, while more expensive, have even higher surface areas, and are used in special applications.
Under an electron microscope, the high surface-area structures of activated carbon are revealed. Individual particles are intensely convoluted and display various kinds of porosity; there may be many areas where flat surfaces of graphite-like material run parallel to each other, separated by only a few nanometers or so. These micropores provide superb conditions for adsorption to occur, since adsorbing material can interact with many surfaces simultaneously. Tests of adsorption behaviour are usually done with nitrogen gas at 77 K under high vacuum, but in everyday terms activated carbon is perfectly capable of producing the equivalent, by adsorption from its environment, liquid water from steam at 100 C and a pressure of 1/10,000 of an atmosphere.
Physically, activated carbon binds materials by van der Waals force or London dispersion force.
Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals, including alcohols, glycols, ammonia, strong acids and bases, metals and most inorganics, such as lithium, sodium, iron, lead, arsenic, fluorine, and boric acid. Activated carbon does adsorb iodine very well and in fact the iodine number, mg/g, (ASTM D28 Standard Method test) is used as an indication of total surface area.
Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the adsorptive capacity for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde (HCOH), radioisotopes iodine-131 (131I) and mercury (Hg). This property is known as chemisorption.
Iodine Number
Many carbons preferentially adsorb small molecules. Iodine number is the most fundamental parameter used to characterize activated carbon performance. It is a measure of activity level (higher number indicates higher degree of activation), often reported in mg/g (typical range 5001200 mg/g). It is a measure of the micropore content of the activated carbon (0 to 20 , or up to 2 nm) by adsorption of iodine from solution. It is equivalent to surface area of carbon between 900 m/g and 1100 m/g. It is the standard measure for liquid phase applications.
Iodine number is defined as the milligrams of iodine adsorbed by one gram of carbon when the iodine concentration in the residual filtrate is 0.02 normal. Basically, iodine number is a measure of the iodine adsorbed in the pores and, as such, is an indication of the pore volume available in the activated carbon of interest. Typically, water treatment carbons have iodine numbers ranging from 600 to 1100. Frequently, this parameter is used to determine the degree of exhaustion of a carbon in use. However, this practice should be viewed with caution as chemical interactions with the adsorbate may affect the iodine uptake giving false results. Thus, the use of iodine number as a measure of the degree of exhaustion of a carbon bed can only be recommended if it has been shown to be free of chemical interactions with adsorbates and if an experimental correlation between iodine number and the degree of exhaustion has been determined for the particular application.
Molasses
Some carbons are more adept at adsorbing large molecules. Molasses number or molasses efficiency is a measure of the mesopore content of the activated carbon (greater than 20 , or larger than 2 nm) by adsorption of molasses from solution. A high molasses number indicates a high adsorption of big molecules (range 95-600). Caramel dp (decolorizing performance) is similar to molasses number. Molasses efficiency is reported as a percentage (range 40%-185%) and parallels molasses number (600 = 185%, 425 = 85%). The European molasses number (range 525-110) is inversely related to the North American molasses number.
Molasses Number is a measure of the degree of decolorization of a standard molasses solution that has been dilited and standardized against standardized activated carbon. Due to the size of color bodies, the molasses number represents the potential pore volume available for larger adsorbing species. As all of the pore volume may not be available for adsorption in a particular waste water application, and as some of the adsorbate may enter smaller pores, it is not a good measure of the worth of a particular activated carbon for a specific application. Frequently, this parameter is useful in evaluating a series of active carbons for their rates of adsorption. Given two active carbons with similar pore volumes for adsorption, the one having the higher molasses number will usually have larger feeder pores resulting in more efficient transfer of adsorbate into the adsorption space.
Tannin
Tannins are a mixture of large and medium size molecules. Carbons with a combination of macropores and mesopores adsorb tannins. The ability of a carbon to adsorb tannins is reported in parts per million concentration (range 200 ppm-362 ppm).
Methylene blue
Some carbons have a mesopore (20 to 50 , or 2 to 5 nm) structure which adsorbs medium size molecules, such as the dye methylene blue. Methylene blue adsorption is reported in g/100g (range 11-28 g/100g).
Dechlorination
Some carbons are evaluated based on the dechlorination half-value length, which measures the chlorine-removal efficiency of activated carbon. The dechlorination half-value length is the depth of carbon required to reduce the chlorine level of a flowing stream from 5 ppm to 3.5 ppm. A lower half-value length indicates superior performance.
Apparent density
Higher density provides greater volume activity and normally indicates better quality activated carbon.
Hardness/abrasion number
It is a measure of the activated carbon resistance to attrition. It is important indicator of activated carbon to maintain its physical integrity and withstand frictional forces imposed by backwashing, etc. There are large differences in the hardness of activated carbons, depending on the raw material and activity level.
Ash content
It reduces the overall activity of activated carbon. It reduces the efficiency of reactivation. The metals (Fe2O3) can leach out of activated carbon resulting in discoloration. Acid/water soluble ash content is more significant than total ash content. Soluble ash content can be very important for aquarists, as ferric oxide can promote algal growths, a carbon with a low soluble ash content should be used for marine, freshwater fish and reef tanks to avoid heavy metal poisoning and excess plant/algal growth.
Carbon tetrachloride activity
Measurement of the porosity of an activated carbon by the adsorption of saturated carbon tetrachloride vapour.
Particle size distribution
The finer the particle size of an activated carbon, the better the access to the surface area and the faster the rate of adsorption kinetics. In vapour phase systems this needs to be considered against pressure drop, which will affect energy cost. Careful consideration of particle size distribution can provide significant operating benefits.
Examples of adsorption
Heterogeneous catalysis
The most commonly encountered form of chemisorption in industry, occurs when a solid catalyst interacts with a gaseous feedstock, the reactant/s. The adsorption of reactant/s to the catalyst surface creates a chemical bond, altering the electron density around the reactant molecule and allowing it to undergo reactions that would not normally be available to it.
Adsorption refrigeration
Adsorption refrigeration and heat pump cycles rely on the adsorption of a refrigerant gas into an adsorbent at low pressure and subsequent desorption by heating. The adsorbent acts as a "chemical compressor" driven by heat and is, from this point of view, the "pump" of the system. It consists of a solar collector, a condenser or heat-exchanger and an evaporator that is placed in a refrigerator box. The inside of the collector is lined with an adsorption bed packed with activated carbon adsorbed with methanol. The refrigerator box is insulated filled with water. The activated carbon can adsorb a large amount of methanol vapours in ambient temperature and desorb it at a higher temperature (around 100 degrees Celsius). During the daytime, the sunshine irradiates the collector, so the collector is heated up and the methanol is desorbed from the activated carbon. In desorption, the liquid methanol adsorbed in the charcoal heats up and vaporizes. The methanol vapour condenses and is stored in the evaporator.
At night, the collector temperature decreases to the ambient temperature, and the charcoal adsorbs the methanol from the evaporator. The liquid methanol in the evaporator vaporizes and absorbs the heat from the water contained in the trays. Since adsorption is a process of releasing heat, the collector must be cooled efficiently at night. As mentioned above, the adsorption refrigeration system operates in an intermittent way to produce the refrigerating effect.
Helium gas can also be 'pumped' by thermally cycling activated carbon 'sorption pumps' between 4 kelvins and higher temperatures. An example of this is to provide the cooling power for the Oxford Instruments AST series dilution refrigerators. 3He vapour is pumped from the surface of the dilute phase of a mixture of liquid 4He and its isotope 3He. The 3He is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the carbon at low temperature (typically <4K), the regeneration of the pump between 20 and 40 K returns the 3He to the concentrated phase of the liquid mixture. Cooling occurs at the interface between the two liquid phases as 3He 'evaporates' across the phase boundary. If more than one pump is present in the system a continuous flow of gas and hence constant cooling power can be obtained, by having one sorption pump regenerating while the other is pumping. Systems such as this allow temperatures as low as 10 mK (0.01 kelvin) to be obtained with very few moving parts.
Applications
Activated carbon is used in gas purification, gold purification, metal extraction, water purification, medicine, sewage treatment, air filters in gas masks and filter masks, filters in compressed air and many other applications.
One major industrial application involves use of activated carbon in the metal finishing field. It is very widely employed for purification of electroplating solutions. For example, it is a main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright nickel plating solutions. A variety of organic chemicals are added to plating solutions for improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties like brightness, smoothness, ductility, etc. Due to passage of direct current and electrolytic reactions of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, organic additives generate unwanted break down products in solution. Their excessive build up can adversely affect the plating quality and physical properties of deposited metal. Activated carbon treatment removes such impurities and restores plating performance to the desired level.
Analytical chemistry applications
Activated carbon, in 50% w/w combination with celite, is used as stationary phase in low-pressure chromatographic separation of carbohydrates (mono-, di- trisacchardes) using ethanol solutions (5-50%) as mobile phase in analytical or preparative protocols.
Environmental applications
Activated carbon is usually used in water filtration systems. In this illustration, the activated carbon is in the fourth level (counted from bottom).
Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such as:
Spill cleanup
Groundwater remediation
Drinking water filtration
Air purification
Volatile organic compounds capture from painting, dry cleaning, gasoline dispensing operations, and other processes.
In 2007, West-Flanders University (in Belgium) began research in water treatment after festivals . A full scale activated carbon installation, was built at the Dranouter music festival in 2008[citation needed], with plans to utilize the technology to treat water at this festival for the next 20 years[citation needed].
Activated charcoal is also used for the measurement of radon concentration in air.
Medical applications
Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion.
It is thought to bind to poison and prevent its absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. In cases of suspected poisoning, medical personnel administer activated charcoal on the scene or at a hospital's emergency department. Dosing is usually empirical at 1 gram/kg of body weight ( for adolescents or adults, give 50100 g ), usually given only once, but depending on the drug taken, it may be given more than once. In rare situations activated charcoal is used in Intensive Care to filter out harmful drugs from the blood stream of poisoned patients. Activated carbon has become the treatment of choice for many poisonings, and other decontamination methods such as ipecac-induced emesis or stomach pumping are now used rarely.
While activated carbon is useful in an acute poisoning situation, it has been shown to not be effective in long term accumulation of toxins, such as with the use of toxic herbicides.
Mechanisms of action:
Binding of the toxin to prevent stomach and intestinal absorption. Binding is reversible so a cathartic such as sorbitol may be added as well.
It interrupts the enterohepatic circulation of some drugs/toxins and their metabolites
Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated. The use of activated charcoal is contraindicated when the ingested substance is an acid, an alkali, or a petroleum product.
For pre-hospital use, it comes in plastic tubes or bottles, commonly 12.5 or 25 grams, pre-mixed with water. The trade names include InstaChar, SuperChar, Actidose, and Liqui-Char, but it is commonly called Activated Charcoal.
Ingestion of activated carbon prior to consumption of ethanol has been shown to reduce absorption of alcohol into the blood. 5 to 15 milligrams of charcoal per kilogram of body weight taken at the same time as 170 ml of pure ethanol (which equals about 10 servings of an alcoholic beverage alcohol, or 12 shots), over the course of one hour, has very apparent effects at reducing potential blood alcohol content other studies showed that this is not the case and that ethanol blood concentrations were increased because of activated charcoal use. This ineficciency together with risk of aspiration make it a dangerous drug when in improper hands.
In the past charcoal biscuit was sold in England in the early 19th century, originally as an antidote to flatulence and stomach trouble.
Tablets of activated charcoal are still used as a folk remedy and over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. They were also used in the past by doctors for this purpose. There is some evidence of its effectiveness as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and to prevent diarrhea in cancer patients who have received irinotecan. It can interfere with the absorbency of some medications, and lead to unreliable readings in medical tests such as the guaiac card test. A type of charcoal biscuit has been marketed as a pet care product.
Activated charcoal is also used for bowel preparation by reducing intestinal gas content before abdominal radiography to visualize bile, pancreatic and renal stones.
Fuel Storage
Research is being done testing various activated carbons ability to store natural gas and hydrogen gas. The porous material acts like a sponge for different types of gasses. The gas is attracted to the carbon material via Van der Waals forces. Some carbons have been able to achieve bonding energies of 5-10 KJ per mol. The gas may then be desorbed when subjected to higher temperatures and either combusted to do work or in the case of hydrogen gas extracted for use in a hydrogen fuel cell. Gas storage in activated carbons is an appealing gas storage method because the gas can be stored in a low pressure, low mass, low volume environment that could would be much more feasible than bulky on board compression tanks in vehicles. The United States Department of Energy has specified certain goals to be achieved in the area of research and development of nano-porous carbon materials. As of yet all of the goals are yet to be satisfied but numerous institutions, including the ALL-CRAFT program, are continuing to conduct work in this promising field.
Gas purification
Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove oil vapours, odours, and other hydrocarbons from the air. The most common designs use a 1 stage or 2 stage filtration principle in which activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media. Activated charcoal is also used in spacesuit Primary Life Support Systems. Activated charcoal filters are used to retain radioactive gases from a nuclear boiling water reactor turbine condenser. The air vacuumed from the condenser contains traces of radioactive gases. The large charcoal beds adsorb these gases and retains them while they rapidly decay to non-radioactive solid species. The solids are trapped in the charcoal particles, while the filtered air passes through.
Chemical Purification
Commonly used to purify homemade non-dangerous chemicals such as sodium acetate. It is then filtered out.
Distilled alcoholic beverage purification
See also: Lincoln County Process
Activated carbon filters can be used to filter vodka and whiskey of organic impurities which can affect color, taste, and odor. Passing an organically impure vodka through an activated carbon filter at the proper flow rate will result in vodka with an identical alcohol content and significantly increased organic purity, as judged by odor and taste.[citation needed]
Mercury scrubbing
Activated carbon, often impregnated with iodine or sulfur, is widely used to trap mercury emissions from coal fired power stations, medical incinerators, and from natural gas at the wellhead. This carbon is a specialty product costing more than $4.00 per kg. However, it is often not recycled.
Disposal in the USA
The mercury laden activated carbon presents a disposal dilemma.[citation needed] If the activated carbon contains less than 260 ppm mercury, Federal regulations allow it to be stabilized (for example, trapped in concrete) for landfilling.[citation needed] However, waste containing greater than 260 ppm is considered to be in the high mercury subcategory and is banned from landfilling (Land-Ban Rule).[citation needed] It is this material which is now accumulating in warehouses and in deep abandoned mines at an estimated rate of 1000 tons per year.[citation needed]
The problem of disposal of mercury laden activated carbon is not unique to the U.S. In the Netherlands this mercury is largely recovered and the activated carbon is disposed by complete burning.
See also
Carbon black
Carbon filtering
Kvrner-process
Onboard refueling vapor recovery
Sumi
Zeocarbon
References
^ "Properties of Activated Carbon", CPL Caron Link, accessed 2008-05-02
^ http://en.mimi.hu/astronomy/granule.html
^ Value Added Products from Gasification - Acitivated Carbon, By Shoba jhadhav, The Combustion,Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory (CGPL) at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
^ "http://www.labmeeting.com/paper/28552316/van-hulle-2008-sustainable-wastewater-treatment-of-temporary-events-the-dranouter-music-festival-case-study">Sustainable wastewater treatment of temporary events: the Dranouter Music Festival case study</a>. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2008;58(8):1653-7.
^ Eddleston M, Juszczak E, Buckley NA, et al. (2008). "Multiple-dose activated charcoal in acute self-poisoning: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 371 (9612): 579. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60270-6.
^ Elliott C, Colby T, Kelly T, Hicks H (1989). "Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal". Chest 96 (3): 6724. doi:10.1378/chest.96.3.672. PMID 2766830.
^ Procter, Richard & Stanton Anondson, "Method of altering intoxicating effects of alcohol", US 4594249, issued 1986
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3723647
^ Rolland, Jacques L. (2006). The Food Encyclopedia: Over 8,000 Ingredients, Tools, Techniques and People. Robert Rose. pp. 148. ISBN 0778801500.
^ Stearn, Margaret (2007). Warts and all: straight talking advice on life's embarrassing problems. London: Murdoch Books. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-92125984-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aSRmxC47VNMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA333. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
^ Hbner WD, Moser EH (2002). "Charcoal tablets in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome". Adv Ther 19 (5): 24552. doi:10.1007/BF02850364. PMID 12539884. https://www.advancesintherapy.com/detail.aspx?ID=276.
^ Michael M, Brittain M, Nagai J, et al. (Nov 2004). "Phase II study of activated charcoal to prevent irinotecan-induced diarrhea". J Clin Oncol. 22 (21): 44107. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.11.125. PMID 15514383.
^ Gogel HK, Tandberg D, Strickland RG (Sep 1989). "Substances that interfere with guaiac card tests: implications for gastric aspirate testing". Am J Emerg Med 7 (5): 47480. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(89)90248-9. PMID 2787993.
^ BMT-Begemann, Mercury waste treatment facilities
External links
"Activated Carbon for water filtration" - Treatment Systems for Household Water Supplies] AE-1029, February 1992
"Imaging the atomic structure of activated carbon" - JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED MATTER
Engber, Daniel (Nov. 28, 2005). "How Does Activated Carbon Work?". Slate.
v d e
Allotropes of carbon
sp3 forms
Diamond (cubic) Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
sp2 forms
Graphite Graphene Fullerenes (buckyballs (C20+)) Nanotubes Glassy carbon Colossal carbon tube
sp forms
Linear acetylenic carbon
mixed sp3/sp2 forms
Amorphous carbon nanobuds Carbon nanofoam
other forms
C1 C2 C3 C8
related
Chaoite Activated carbon Carbon black Charcoal Carbon fiber Fullerite Aggregated diamond nanorods
Categories: Carbon forms | Filters | Toxicology | Excipients | World Health Organization essential medicinesHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from October 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009
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I am Cheap On Sales writer, reports some information about water buffalo horn , kwang tze solution.
What amp should i get for a 3000W subwoofer?
12" Champion Series Pro
Woofer Cone Material : Interlaced Carbon Fiber/Glass Fiber Reinforced
Surround : Wide-Roll, 3-Layer Fiber Woven Aramid Radial with Honeycomb Cloth
Voice Coil : Dual 4-Layer, Long Voice Coil
Voice Coil Wire : Copper
Voice Coil Bobbin : Phenol Resin Coated Glass Cloth
Projected Pole Yoke with Vented Pole
Magnet : Double Stacked 110oz
Aluminum Die-Cast Rigid Chassis
Gasket 1-Piece Rubber
Integrated Single-Sided Silver Compression Terminals
Max Power : 3000 Watts
Nominal Power Handling : 1000 Watts
Frequency Response : 18Hz~700Hz
Sensitivity : 89 dB
2-Ohms Impedance
Recommended Enclosure Size : 0.50~1.0 Cubic Ft
Mounting Depth : 7.5"
Approximate Weight : 27 LBS
http://www.crutchfield.com/App/Product/Item/Main.aspx?showAll=N&g=120&i=500MRP1000&tp=115
Goodrich Announces Increased Outlook for 2010 Net Income per Diluted Share and Second Quarter 2010 Results
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US $241.50









