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Double your lung capacity and watch your endurance soar, your performance improve in whatever sport you practice and your health and fitness in general improve. This can be achieved in a fashion little-known in the West but familiar to many Chinese people and some of those trained in the Chinese Martial Arts--5 Elements Breathing. An outline guide, plus some easy to follow instructions into this are given below together with some hints into how you might learn more about this subject.
Most people in the West use only approximately 30% of their lung capacity when breathing due largely to their unfamiliarity with breathing technique, an area that has been the subject of thousands of years of study in China under the heading of Internal (Nei Dan) Qigong..Mastering the following form of breathing will, at the very least, double your lung capacity (and still leave you with a 40% reserve. The Chinese have an interesting maxim: "When two tough guys fight (compete) the one with the deeper breathing wins." because, amongst other things, his endurance is greater (not to mention his quicker recovery time), Thus, improve your breathing skill and your lung capacity and remain the same body weight and you will become stronger--hence increasing your power-to-weight ratio no matter which area of sport you participate in, or even if you just train for fitness and health purposes only.
Eight sub-breaths, plus certain meditative exertions are required to complete one 5 Elements inhalation as detailed in the Breathing Instructions which follow. By meditating on each of the ' famous five' internal organs in a structured sequence aligned to one's breathing each is invigorated in turn and strengthened after prolonged practice. Also focusing upon expansion related to their physical location, as structured breathing takes place, ensures a balanced increase in lung capacity. It must be stressed that an introductory article of this nature can only outline the basics of the subject, instruction from a properly qualified Qigong teacher will produce results that will surprise you after dedicated study.
First come the basic body/organ meditations, which are most important. After you are confident in these, progress to the 5 Element attributions--remember when the breath, consciousness and body are all aligned (i,e. pursuing the same activity) this is meditation and you are more likely to achieve your goal (this is one of the many 'secrets' of Chinese Martial Arts).
5 Elements Basic Matrix
This links related themes, areas and topics. It can be extended in various ways for Feng Shui purposes,for instance, with reference to Yin-Yang theory, location and direction and with regard to the Pa Kua in general. You can extend and deepen your knowledge and understanding of these areas through internet searches and reading related to Chinese Qigong and/or 5 Element Theory.This will help you appreciate the whys and wherefores of these links and associations,
Element, Colour, Animal, Organ, Breath Nos.;
Metal, Silver/white, Leopard, Lungs, 1 and 8;
Water, Dark blue/black, Crane, Kidneys, 2;
Wood, Green, Dragon, Liver, 3;
Fire, Red, Tiger, Heart, 4;
Earth, Yellow, Snake, Spleen/intestines, 7.
On breath no. 5 meditate on Heaven (source of the elements, animals and Man) on breath 6 meditate on Man (yourself as an individual, Mankind as a Race, and Man's position beneath Heaven yet above the animals etc.).
Breathing Instructions
1. Breathe into Tan T'ien (1.5ins below navel) grip floor with your feet, contract your backside muscles and expand the lower abdomen.
2. Breathe into the kidney area & imagine it expands.
3. Breathe into liver area & imagine the bottom of your rib-cage opens up at the right hand side.
4. Breathe into heart area & drop your rib-cage.
5. Concentrate on the Bahui point at the crown of your head' stretch your neck and breathe into this area again.
6. Drop chin to 45 degrees, meditate on the 3rd-eye point on your forehead and breathe into this area once more.
7. Breathe into spleen area and imagine that the bottom of your rib-cage opens up on the left hand side.
8. Repeat 1. Finally, breathe out quickly and strongly through your mouth to eliminate waste products.
Remember, as you take in the eight sub-breaths before you exhale, not to breathe out. Nevertheless, some air will leak from your nostrils as you proceed. This is inevitable, the last two breaths (nos.7 and 
serve to refill the bottom of the lungs to make good any such losses before final exhalation takes place. All in-breaths are via the nostrils. 5-10 minute regular practices will really make a difference. However the more powerful and longer training sequences, like those I teach to my kung fu students, which are more advanced really require face-to-face tuition from qualified Qigong teacher.
Sifu Peter Allsop M.Ed. teaches Shaolin Kung Fu and Qigong in Sheffield U.K. having practised for almost 40 years. He also teaches in Secondary and Higher Education, contributing extensively to 'Google Scholar'. Alongside Changquan (Longfist) Wu Xing (5 Animals) and Wu Tzu (5 Ancestors) Kung Fu he teaches 5 Elements Qigong.
Trained in the U.K. and China, Sifu Allsop, is Head of Hoan Lung Quan, a Founder Member of Shaolin Fists International and a Senior Student of Grandmaster Yap Leong-- whose 5 Elements Breathing=based HYL (Health, Youth and Longevity) Energiser Programme he delivers. A member of Sheffield Chinese Lion Dance Team, his interests include both Iron Shirt and Longevity Training.
To learn more about 5 Elements Breathing and related topics visit http://sheffieldkungfu.com or http://hylenergiser.com
Black Swans Fat Tails and Financial Markets
The mathematical models used by hedge funds, money center banks, and big investment banks, like even the smart boys at Goldman Sacks, seem to have the evaluation of risks and the frequency at which "rare" statistically almost impossible to occur events actually do occur all wrong.
A black swan is an event that is truly disastrous when it does occur but fortunately, according to the investment models, will occur very rarely. So rarely, in fact, that it makes no sense to worry about it. A recent black swan that has hit the stock markets of the world squarely between the eyes and is still flying wildly about, is the subprime mortgage market meltdown.
Mathematical models discounted the percentage of mortgages that could go bad to such a low number that the effect of just a few going bad from time to time was expected to have little effect on the overall mortgage portfolio. Obviously, given the events of the past year, something very wrong was build into the mathematical models.
A fat tail is an event or serious of events that are considered to be well outside the range of what is consider normal. A bell curve is usually used to demonstrate the distribution of events. If we plot events to a graph, since normal events occur most of the time the largest number of events would be as expected , at or very near the center of the curve.
Events which occur slightly less than normal would be plotted a bit further away from the center, until finally rare events would be plotted at the far end of the graph. Once plotted to a chart the graph would have the shape of a bell, thus the name bell curve.
The financial house statisticians placed in their models certain events likelihood of occurring way at the end of the bell curve. Often so many standard deviations away from the norm that the events were expected to occur once in a hundred thousand years, if at all. Imagine their surprise and disbelieve when a number of these events occurred one after the other giving their bell curve an unexpected fat tail.
What when wrong? How could so many very smart people come up with investment risk models that have proven to be so mismatched with real world events? How could have so many of Wall Streets brightest con men, eeerrrrr, sorry, financial managers, chairman, and CEO's, expand their businesses into such risky areas as repackaging loans make to people who don't have the ability to repay into investment packages that carry a AAA rating? How indeed?
A good summary of the black swan and fat tail problem is this quote: "It ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble. It's what you know for sure that just ain't so" (Mark Twain?).
The mathematical models may work fine in a theoretical world. In that world economists, mathematicians, and investment bank analysis, buy into the theory that human beings are rational creatures and will always take actions that are in their own self interests. They also buy into the nonsense that markets are always right, that the current price for a security must be the correct price because at that point in time the market says so.
Unfortunately human beings are often not rational at all. They have a marked tendency to follow each other around. The herd instinct is strong. Humans can stampede one after the other in one direction and then let's say a black swan event occurs, like two hijacked planes slamming into the World Trade center twin towers, and almost immediately the herd reverses course and charges off in the opposite direction.
Alas, the mathematical models used by the big boys to identify and rate risk just can't get a grip on human emotions and behavior. Fear can turn into greed and greed into fear quicker than you can say buy or sell. In financial markets, be they stocks, bonds, commodities, or forex, the effects of fear are often multiplied many times over because of the financial leverage that many investors use in structuring their investments.
Under extreme stress black swans and fat tails seem to flourish. Events that according to the models should only happen once in a million years may happen several times in one week. Perhaps the big smart boys aren't nearly as smart as they think they are. Do they really deserve to pay themselves millions of dollars a year in bonuses on top of multi million dollar salaries? Is this what late stage rape and pillage the average investor capitalism has come to?
About the Author
Gerald "Taipan" Greene is a retired forex trader and portfolio manager who worked in Asia for over 20 years. The nickname was acquired in Hong Kong and is now used for a number of financial, political, and Internet business related blogs. One of them is at Bold Messenger
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