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Featured Article:
As the price of petroleum hits the roof, the search is on for alternative sources of clean, renewable energy. One promising candidate that's a ray of sunshine in our otherwise energy-scarce planet is none other than the sun.
The technology is already available to tap this ever abundant power source. But as many of you already know, the sun isn't always shining. Once an overcast cloud sets in, the power meter drops back to zero. So researchers have turned to another more viable and abundant resource: water.
If you still remember your high school chemistry, a water molecule is made up of two basic elements, namely, hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is a highly combustible gas, most especially in the presence of oxygen. Due to its highly combustible quality, hydrogen has been commonly used as rocket fuel just ask NASA.
In fact, if you've figured out a way to split a water molecule into its component elements, hydrogen and oxygen, and then burn these gases together to produce energy, you won't be getting highly toxic wastes like carbon monoxide. Instead, you'll be producing water molecules again as waste products, which you can re-use to produce more energy!
Of course, this looks good on paper. But the main stumbling block is finding a way to split a water molecule into its component elements that's efficient, environment friendly, and cost effective.
Some systems use a catalyst to split a water molecule. But the cost is prohibitive. Another employs solar energy to break the water molecule. But as earlier mentioned, the sun's not always shining.
Now researchers have turned to the most unlikely candidate: a genetically engineered virus.
Unfortunately, when one hears the word "virus", you're most likely going to think of the common cold or AIDS and then immediately get the heebie jeebies.
Let's face it: viruses have been given a bad rap lately. Thanks to the information the media has been broadcasting which you see and hear every day in the comfort of your living room.
According to the hype, viruses are responsible for most of your misery from the common cold to measles, to measles to AIDS. Of course, most of it is actually true. But not all viruses are the bad guys. Some of them may someday be indispensable to our way of life.
Hopefully things are about to change for the much-maligned virus. Scientists have been busy genetically engineering a virus strain to split the water molecule.
If these scientists are indeed successful in their research, it would break our dependence on oil and coal. No longer would we be at the mercy of oil producing nations. No longer would we be using fuel that would pollute our environment.
At the forefront of this breakthrough research is Angela Belcher, the Germeshausen Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Biological Engineering. Her team has managed to genetically engineer a common, harmless bacterial virus called M13 so that it would attract and bind with molecules of a catalyst (iridium oxide) and a biological pigment (zinc porphyrins). The viruses then became wire-like devices that could very efficiently split the oxygen from water molecules.
Unfortunately, over time, the virus-wires would clump together and lose their effectiveness, so the researchers added another extra step: encapsulating the virus in a microscopic gel matrix so that they will be able to maintain their uniform arrangement as well as keep their stability and efficiency.
While hydrogen obtained from water is the gas that would be used as a fuel, the splitting of oxygen from water is the more technically challenging "half-reaction" in the process, Belcher revealed, so her team focused on this part.
According to her, plants and blue-green algae have evolved highly developed photosynthetic systems for the efficient oxidation of water. Other researchers have tried to use these photosynthetic parts of plants directly for harnessing sunlight, but these materials can have structural stability issues.
Belcher decided that instead of borrowing plants' components, she and her team would instead borrow their methods. In plant cells, natural pigments are used to absorb sunlight, while catalysts then promote the water-splitting reaction. It is this process that Belcher and her team, including doctoral student Yoon Sung Nam, the lead author of the new paper, decided to replicate in the laboratory.
In the team's system, the viruses simply act as a kind of scaffolding, causing the pigments and catalysts to line up with the right kind of spacing to trigger the water-splitting reaction. According to Belcher, the role of the pigments was to act as some sort of an antenna to capture the light and then transfer the energy down the length of the virus, like a wire. The virus is a very efficient harvester of light, with these biological pigments attached.
Using the virus to make the system assemble itself improves the efficiency of the oxygen production fourfold; the researchers hope to find a similar biologically based system to perform the other half of the process, the production of hydrogen.
Belcher won't even speculate on how long it might take to develop this system into a commercial product. But she estimated that within the next two years she expects to have a prototype device that can carry out the whole process of splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen, using a self-sustaining and durable system.
Perry Belcher http://www.perrybelcher.com is a writer in Austin, TX interested in science, culture and the way we use our brains
Health You, Healthy Skin
I will begin this blog about natural beauty and how to make organic skin, face and hair care products that you can make to keep you and especially your skin, face and hair in optimum health by giving you an overview on how your body functions and what is meant by you being healthy. Without this information, many of you will be lack the basic knowledge as to what you should be doing to improve or maintain your overall health and your skin health.
The health of your body is determined by the collective health of every one of its cells. The healthy functioning of the cells is directly related to the following core healthy molecular materials used to build cells: 1. Oxygen; 2. Carbon; 3. Hydrogen; and 4. Nitrogen. All foods are made up of these four basic elements. Combined with these core elements in your food are many inorganic minerals such as sodium, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, chlorine, etc. These core elements and the inorganic minerals are metabolized by our cells in order to build tissues. The tissues are used to build organs, the organs are used to build core systems like the immune system and your skin, and these systems are used to build the body.
The body consist of well over 100 trillion cells. These cells interact in multiple ways to handle multiple cellular processes that control the cells environment, reparation, communication, transportation, policing, performance, pH balancing, medical needs and nutrition as well as toxic and waste (including free radicals) removal. Even if you are eating the perfect diet for your body type and avoiding any toxins in your environment, the acidic waste generated through metabolism needs to be constantly flushed from your body through your key organs. For example, the kidneys remove neutralized waste salts, uric acid, ammonia, the lungs take carbonic dioxide out from carbonic acids making your blood more alkaline and your skin uses perspiration to dispose of acidic waste products. Therefore any ss long as you are providing your cells with a healthy stress free environment, nourishing foods, clean water and air, and bathing your skin in biodegradable organic soaps and shampoos and moisturizing with organic oils for your skin and hairs, your body will have all that it needs to continue functioning properly including the disposal of all waste products in your body.
Of the trillions of cells in your body, they can be grouped into about 200 different types that require 90 plus nutrients to produce the hormones, peptides, neurotransmitters and other materials required for cellular renewal and the proper functioning of the body. The types of cells range from stem cells, blood cells and blood cells, to heart cells, spleen cells and muscle cells through to brain cells, eye cells, skin cells and nerve cells. Each cell performs its own unique functions that combine with other cells to provide synergistic choreography and orchestration of all the bodys functions. The different cells have a different half-lives. This means that your body is constantly renewing itself throughout your lifetime. Your skin which is the bodys largest organ is replaced every 21 to 28 days, your heart is renewed every 8 months, a new liver every 5 months, and your blood every 90 days. In the case of your bones because of the nature of the matrix being very hard (consisting of Vitamin D, calcium, boron and oesteoclasts) it renews every 7-10 years. The key thing to remember is that the quality of the renewal of all of your cells is dependent on the quality of building materials you have provided in the forms of nutrients (i.e. amino acids, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, phyto-nutrients, sunshine, oxygen and water) and/or toxins that you have provided. If it is nutrient rich and not lacking in essential nutrients, then the regenerated body will be stronger than the original. If it is nutrient poor (i.e. missing key nutrients) and/or high in toxins, it will be weaker than before and will continue to worsen unless you make changes in your diet and environment.
To give you an idea of how this translates, consider that 10 to the power of 12 cells or 1% of your body mass needs to be regenerated every day. If you are providing nutrient poor materials and toxins to your body, this regeneration will not take place. Instead your bodys own proteins will endanger your life since after metabolism, many become free floating providing an environment for poisonous and fungal infections to grow on them. The toxins and wastes will accumulate in your body creating an anaerobic environment that is hospitable to fungus, bacteria, cancer cells, etc.
This accumulation of waste in and around the cells is what causes aging in the body. The most ready measure any person can do to have an indication of their state of overall health is to measure the pH of their urine and saliva in the morning. This is because pH is a controlling factor for hundreds of enzymes in the body for digestion, assimilation of nutrients and the production of energy in the cells. When your body is in a healthy state, you saliva pH should be 6.2 to 6.4, your urine pH should be 5.5 to 6.0. This would indicate that your blood pH is probably around it ideal measure of 7.30 to 7.45. If your pH level is below these ranges, your body is overly acidic most likely indicating a deficiency of potassium, magnesium, calcium, trace minerals as well as possible high pulse rate. To give you an idea of how long cells can continue to thrive when they are kept in a nutrient rich environment free from waste products, a French physiologist, Alexia Carrell kept a chicken heart alive for about twenty-eight years in a saline solution containing minerals in the same proportion as chicken blood. He kept the extra cellular fluids constant and disposed of the cellular waste products daily by changing the fluid. Its only when he stopped changing the solution did the heart cells die.
If you have been allowing toxins and waste to accumulate in your body, your health will start to be compromised, you will find yourself getting sick and your bodys built-in compensating mechanisms will be activated to compensate by neutralizing and excreting acidic toxins and waste from the blood, cells, lymph and tissue fluids. The eight compensating mechanisms are: 1. Increased Oxygenation through respiration; 2. Pulling Amino Acid reserves from intra-cellular amino acids; 3. Pull in high pH body fluids from the lymph and saliva; 4. Pulling High pH Electrolytes from bones, teeth and muscles, 5. Excrete acids through the bodys elimination systems such as the skin, colon, urinary tract and respiratory system; 6. Manufacture High pH Bicarbonate Ion from CO2 for diffusion into blood plasma; 7. Push Excess Acids to outer extremities away from vital organs (in terms of your skin this leads to dermatitis and joints and fingers rheumatoid arthritis); and finally 8. Dumping Acids into the Blood and Vital Organs. If number 8, happens, you body is in trouble because it means that your bodys pH is in deep in the acidic range and dependent on the nature of your cellular weakness and genetic makeup, this can lead to one of a number degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease and other chronic degenerative diseases.
When you are ill, it can be down primarily to either nutrient deficiency, exposure and/or accumulation of toxins in your body, and finally the accumulation of waste in your body. So logically the key to restoring yourself to full health is to not just directly attack the virus or bacteria since the low pH is your body creates an environment hospitable to virus and bacteria, but also to eliminate the toxins and waste (i.e. detox) and at the same time to provide the proper nutrients to your body (i.e. change your environment, change your diet and change what you products you put on your skin, face and hair). When you restore the proper environment for cellular regeneration, a number of positive things happen: 1. The virus, bacteria or malignant cells die off because the majority cannot survive in the healthy aerobic environment - this is especially the case with cancer cells which can only survive in an anaerobic environment (Dr. Otto Warburg won the Nobel Prize for this discovery); 2. Your immune system is able to properly defend your body against these invaders; 3. Your energy levels go up as your body has the nutrients required for cellular regeneration and is no longer needs to using energy for the various compensating mechanisms to neutralise acidic toxins and waste, leaving your body with more energy.
So how does this relate to your skin? In further blogs in this series, you will discover that ill focus on providing you with information that will allow you to provide all the nutrients that your skin, face and hair needs as well as information on the dangerous levels of toxins found in many common skin, hair and facial products. Once youve eliminated these toxins from your body by detoxing and changing from the majority of toxic products one finds in most stores to biodegradable organic products that you can make yourself, your skins appearance will improve as well as your hair and face.
References:
Reverse Aging; Sang Whang
The Battle For Health is Over pH; Gary Tunsky
The Detox Book; Bruce Fife, N.D.
Health and Nutrition Secrets that can save your life; Dr. Russell Blaylock M.D.
About the Author
John Boyd has been passionate about health ever since his young daughter became ill when she was an infant. He has a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering and Masters of Business Administration in finance and international economics. For the last 12 years he has run a small IT consulting firm JTB Solutions Ltd. He has just recently started his blog connected to one of his new passions which is making his own cosmetics products. Follow his blog at http://www.naturalbeautyforyou.org
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