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Stem Old Style
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New developments in the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are appearing every month in the literature. The initial hurdle is to be able to reprogram adult human cells without using agents that might cause cancer. The first reprogramming method used a viral delivery system to introduce the reprogramming genes into cells. But a virus can insert into the cell's genome, possibly causing severe unanticipated outcomes such as cancer.
Also, refinement of the reprogramming factors is necessary. The initial group was composed of Oct-4, c-Myc, Sox2, and Klf4 genes. c-Myc has potent oncogenic properties - expression of c-Myc can cause a cell to become cancerous. c-Myc was discovered in the late 1970s - expression of c-Myc has a profound role in the development of breast cancer and has a central role in most types of human malignancies.
In order for these cells to be used safely in humans, reprogramming alternatives to c-Myc needed to be identified. An optimal scenario would be to identify alternatives to using any gene for reprogramming. Inserting new genes into a cell could result in mutations, disruption of other normal genetic processes, and additional negative effects. Such deleterious outcomes would increase in number and severity as cells and tissues introduced into a patient continue to divide and replicate.
The field is moving forward quickly. Many research teams have been successfully investigating the use of small molecules as reprogramming factors. Small molecules include very short nucleotide segments (nucleotides comprise the basis of the genetic code), peptides (amino acid sequences), and short-chain sugars. Recently a team led by Dr. Hongyan Zhou at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, CA, generated induced pluripotent stem cells using direct delivery of a set of reprogramming small molecules. This groundbreaking work provides a new method of creating safer cells for potential uses in treatment and transplantation.
Initial work is being done to use iPS cells for the treatment of many serious and life-threatening diseases. Important preliminary work has been done with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, muscular dystrophy, and diabetes.
For example, researchers have been able to generate large numbers of iPS cells from skin cells taken from an 82-year-old woman diagnosed with ALS. These cells could be directed to become motor neurons, which could be used to replace diseased nerve cells in a patient's spinal cord. This research proves that sufficient induced pluripotent cells can be produced from cells taken from an elderly patient. iPS cells might be used to develop treatments for other diseases which specifically affect the aged.
Sickle cell anemia has been reversed in mice using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from their own cells. Somatic cells were obtained from humanized sickle cell anemia mouse models. The cells were reprogrammed to iPS cells. The genetic defect was corrected in the pluripotent cells which were then differentiated into blood cell precursors. These normal blood-forming cells were then transplanted into the original mice, who subsequently recovered from sickle cell anemia.
This successful proof-of-concept in humanized sickle cell anemia mice points the way toward using iPS cells in the treatment of a wide variety of deadly diseases.
David Lemberg, M.S. in Bioethics, Albany Medical College, May 2010. Consultant, Author, Speaker. Research interests - health care and health care policy, reproductive technologies, genetics and genomics, K-12 science education Executive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY, http://scienceandsociety.net. Twitter - http://twitter.com/david_lemberg. Visit SCIENCE AND SOCIETY for cutting-edge interviews with Nobel Laureates, trendsetting industry executives, and best-selling authors in the fields of cancer research, genetics, health care policy, nanotechnology, and space exploration.
Country Music The Evergreen Style
Just like the beauty of a scenic country side can never become old or boring no matter how often you look at it, so also, country music is as evergreen as when it was first introduced in the 19th century. Country music or country and western is a blend of popular music forms that were originally sung in the southern United States and in the Appalachian mountains. Country music stems from a mixture of traditional folk music, Celtic music, gospel music and old time music. With every passing year it ahs been steadily evolving but the soothing rhythm of the old days is still an essential part of it.
When country music began, the fiddle was the most commonly used instrument since it was easy to carry around and inexpensive to make. The banjo and guitar came later. The accordion and piano didnt make an appearance in country music till about the 1930s. Drums were brought in only as late as the 1960s. Today of course there is much use of sophisticated instruments like synthesizers and electric guitars but even with the use of this modern technology the songs have a good old days feeling to it which is an important part of country music
In the early 20th century the cowboy became an image of everything patriotic and noble and so when movies began to be made the cowboy was a favorite hero. Before long songs were incorporated into movies that pictured cowboys singing with a guitar. In reality cowboys did sing but used less bulky instruments like the harmonica. Soon these movies came to be called westerns and greatly helped to give momentum to the gaining popularity of country music. The term country music only began to be used in the 1940s. Up till then this genre of music was called hillybilly music but soon this term began to seem degrading.
Country music has its tradition in the olden days of story telling, when lack of knowledge of reading and writing made people pas down advice tradition and folklore in the form of songs Each song is alive with tales of the hardships of life, the losses of love and so on. They even became journalistic in nature as they began to narrate the major goings on of the country political and otherwise in the form of song
Country music has produced two of the most famous musicians in the world - Elvis Presley and Garth Brooks. Elvis once known as the Hillbilly cat went on to play a very major role in the introduction of rock and roll music. Garth Brooks, a contemporary country artist, is one of the top selling solo artists. Today many pop and rock stars have ventured to record one or more country numbers the more famous among them being Richard Marx, Allison Kraus and Bon Jovi.
In this age of constant change, the good old music has not lost its effect after all these decades. Long live country music.
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Can anyone help my find the title of this VERY obscure cartoon?
ok here is the known info
it was my favorite vcr tape to watch as a kid so its at least 20 years old
it was a movie or a special or something
possibly done in the asian style of animation
there was a little boy
he was alone on this little planet
then there was a half flower half girl that was his friend
there was a flower pot then the flower stem then the top half of a girls body where the flower part was supposed to be(she had short red hair)
only other thing i remember was the planet was really small and he could run all the way around it real quick
PLEASE HELP!!!
The Adventures of the Little Prince.
It was a short lived cartoon series but all the episodes have been released on DVD which you can get here:
http://www.amazon.com/Adventures-Little-Prince-Complete-Animated/dp/B000A0D1N8
Credit Deflation Lands in Britain
Credit deflation just hit the UK for the first time on post-war records... HMMMM... This looks telling.
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